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أﻧواع إﻧﺗﻘﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت

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أﻧواع إﻧﺗﻘﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت

Types of data transmission ھﻧﺎﻟك ﺛﻼﺛﮫ أﻧواع ﻣن اﻟطرق اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺗﺧﺎطب ﺑﮭﺎ ﺟﮭﺎز ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ ﻣﻊ اﺧر :-  

1-N )اﻟﺧطﺎب اﻷﺣﺎدي(ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﮫ ﯾﻘوم ﺟﮭﺎز ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﯾن ﺑﻣﺧﺎطﺑﺔ ﺟﮭﺎز nicast ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻲ اﺧر دون ﻏﯾره ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ.    . ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﮫ ﯾﻘوم ﺟﮭﺎز ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻰ ﺑﻣﺧﺎطﺑﮫ ﺑﻌض اﻷﺟﮭزه دون ﻏﯾرھﺎ Multicast-2

3- ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﮫ ﯾﻘوم ﺟﮭﺎز ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻰ ﺑﻣﺧﺎطﺑﮫ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﺟﮭزه اﻟﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ broadcast ﺑﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ.  ﺑروﺗﻛوﻻت اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ  اﻟﺑروﺗﻛول ھو ﻋﺑﺎره ﻋن ﻣﻛوﻧﮫ ﺑرﻣﺟﯾﮫ ﻣن ﻧوع ﺧﺎص ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺟﮭﺎ اﺟﮭزة اﻟﺣﺎﺳب اﻻﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ ﻹرﺳﺎل وإﺳﺗﻘﺑﺎل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت.   وھو ﻋﺑﺎره ﻋن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﮫ ﻣن اﻟﺑروﺗﻛوﻻت وﻟﯾس TCP/IPﻣن اﺷﮭر اﻟﺑروﺗﻛوﻻت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮫ ﺑروﺗﻛوﻻ واﺣد ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﺑدو.    IP addressesﻋﻧﺎوﯾن اﻻﻧﺗرﻧت ﺑروﺗﻛول  أن ﯾﻛون ﻟﻛل ﺟﮭﺎز ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ ﻋﻧوان TCP/IPﻻﺑد ﻟﻛل ﺷﺑﻛﮫ ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻰ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم IP address)Internet ( وﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟﻌﻧوان ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾﺗﻣﻛن ﻛل ﺟﮭﺎز ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻰ protocol وﯾﺗﻛون اﻟﻌﻧوان ﻣن ارﺑﻌﮫ اﻋداد ﻣﻔﺻوﻟﯾن ﺑﺛﻼﺛﮫ TCP/IPﻣن ﻣﺧﺎطﺑﮫ اي ﺟﮭﺎز اﺧر ﻓﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﮫ ﻧﻘﺎط واي ﻋدد ﻣن اﻻرﺑﻌﮫ اﻋداد ﯾﻣﻛن ان ﯾﺣﺗﻣل اي ﻗﯾﻣﮫ ﻣن اﻟﺻﻔر ﺣﺗﻲ ﻣﺋﺗﺎن وﺧﻣﺳﮫ   . وﯾﻧطق ﻣن اﻟﯾﺳﺎر إﻟﻲ اﻟﯾﻣﯾن 192.168.1.100وﺧﻣﺳﯾن وﻣﺛﺎل ﻋﻠﻲ ذﻟك ھذا اﻟﻌﻧوان

  

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 ﯾﺤﺘﻤﻞ أو ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻨﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان اﻷول ھﻮ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺒﻜﮫ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻻﻟﻰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم PI وﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺬي ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻻﻟﻰ ھﺬاوھﻮ ﯾﻜﻮن أول ﺛﻼﺛﮫ ارﻗﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻟﯿﺴﺎر اﻟﻲ اﻟﯿﻤﯿﻦ واﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ھﻮ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻻﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﮫ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻻﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻘﻊ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ وھﻮ ﯾﻜﻮن اﺧﺮ رﻗﻢ ﻣﻦ  وﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﻮان Network IDاﻟﯿﺴﺎر اﻟﻲ اﻟﯿﻤﯿﻦ وﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺸﺒﻜﮫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم  وﻻﺑﺪ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﺟﮭﺰه اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻻﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﮫ أن Host IDﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻻﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﮫ   . ﻓﻲ أول ﺛﻼﺛﮫ اﻋﺪاد وﯾﺨﺘﻠﻔﻮن ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ اﺧﺮ ﻋﺪد IPﯾﺸﺘﺮﻛﻮا ﻓﻲ   

Subnet Masks  ﻓﮭو اﯾﺿﺎ ﯾﺗﻛون ﻣن ارﺑﻌﮫ اﻋداد I B address  ھو ﻋدد ﯾﺷﺑﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺗﮫ إﻟﻲ ﺣد ﺑﻌﯾد ﻣﻔﺻوﻟﯾن ﺑﺛﻼﺛﮫ ﻧﻘﺎط وﯾﻘراء ﺑﻧﻔس اﻟطرﯾﻘﮫ وﻛل ﻋدد ﻣن اﻻرﺑﻌﮫ اﻋداد ﯾﺣﺗﻣل ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻣن ﺻﻔر إﻟﻲ ﻣﺋﺗﺎن وﺧﻣﺳﮫ وﺧﻣﺳﯾن وﻟﻛن ﻓﻲ ﻗﯾود ﻣﻌﯾﻧﮫ.   اﻟﺧﺎص ﺑﺄي I b address ﻣن network I d ﻓﻲ إﺳﺗﺧﻼص subnet masksوﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﺟﮭﺎز ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻰ .   اﻟﺧﺎص ﺑﮫ وذﻟك ﻟﻛﻲ ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ subnet masks وﻟذك ﻻﺑد أن ﯾراﻓق ﻛل ﺟﮭﺎز ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻰ ﺑـــ   .host id ﻣن network I d أن ﻧﻣﯾز    اﻟﺧﺎص ﺑﮫ؟ IP addressﻛﯾف ﯾﺣﺻل ﻛل ﺟﮭﺎز ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ ﻋﻠﻲ ال ﯾﺣﺻل ﻛل ﺟﮭﺎز ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻲ ذﻟك ﺑطرﯾﻘﺗﯾن :-  

1-Manual I p addres  ( )طرﯾﻘﮫ ﯾدوﯾﮫ sing ( )ﻋن طرﯾق ﺧدﻣﮫ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﻧﮫ اﻟﻣوﺟوده ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ Automatic I p addressing-2  ( )اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻘدﻣﮭﺎ اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت Internet services Electronic Mail (E -أ -Mail)   World Wide Web(WWW)-ب Chat-ج Internet News-د File Transfer Protocol (FTP) -ھـ Telnet -

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