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ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ  

ﻣﺎذا ﻧﺣﺗﺎج ﻟﻛﻲ ﻧﻧﺷﺊ ﺷﺑﻛﮫ ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﯾﮫ؟  اوﻻ ﯾﺟب أن ﻧﺣﺻل ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﮫ ﻟﻠﺗوﺻﯾل وأھم ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﺗوﺻﯾل ھﻲ :-   وھو اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﮫ اﻟﺻﻠﺑﮫ اﻟﻣﺳؤﻟﮫ ﻋن ﺗوﺻﯾل Network interface card -ﻛرت واﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ 1 اﻷﺟﮭزه ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض وﯾﺟب أن ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻛل ﺟﮭﺎز ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ ﻋﻠﻲ ھذا اﻟﻛرت ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾﺗﻣﻛن ﻣن اﻻﺗﺻﺎل ﻣﻊ ﻏﯾره ﻣن اﻷﺟﮭزه ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ واﻷﺳﺗﻔﺎده ﻣن اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﻣوﺟوده ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ.   . ﻣن ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﯾﺗم إﻧﺗﻘﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت أو اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت Cables -اﻻﺳﻼك اﻟﻣوﺻﻠﮫ 2  ( )أﻧواع اﺳﻼك اﻟﺗوﺻﯾل Types of cable وUnshielded   وھو ﯾﻧﻘﺳم اﻟﻲ اﺛﻧﯾن Twisted –pair 1- ( stp) (و utp ) أو Shielded وﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﺗﻧﺗﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت أو اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻛل إﺷﺎرات ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﮫ وھو ﯾﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﻲ ﺣد ﻣﺎ اﺳﻼك اﻟﮭﺎﺗف اﻻ اﻧﮫ اﻛﺑر ﺑﻘﻠﯾل ﻣﻧﮭﺎ.   وﯾﻘوم اﯾﺿﺎ ﺑﺗوﺻﯾل إﺷﺎرات ThikNetوThinNet وھو ﯾﻧﻘﺳم اﻟﻲ إﺛﻧﯾن اﯾﺿﺎ Coaxial-2 ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﮫ ﺑﯾن اﺟﮭزه اﻟﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ وﻟﻛﻧﮫ ﯾﻛون اﺑطﻲ ﻣن ﺳﺎﺑﻘﮫ وھو ﯾﺷﺑﮫ اﺳﻼك اﻟﺗﻠﻔزﯾون أو اﺳﻼك اﻻﻗﻣﺎر اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﮫ.   وھو ﯾﺧﺗﻠف ﻋن ﺳﺎﺑﻘﯾﮫ ﺑﺄن اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت أو اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻻ ﺗﻧﺗﻘل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻛل Fiber –optic-3 إﺷﺎرات ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﮫ ﺑل ﺗﻧﺗﻘل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻛل ﺿوء ﻟﮭذا ﯾﻛون اﺳرع ﺑﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن ﺳﺎﺑﻘﯾﮫ واطول ﺗوﺻﯾﻼ.  ﻣن أﻧواع اﺟﮭزه ﺗوﺻﯾل اﻟﺷﺑﻛﮫ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋده: -  ھو ﺟﮭﺎز ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ وظﯾﻔﺗﮫ اﻷوﻟﻲ واﻷﺧﯾره ھﻲ ﺗوﺻﯾل ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﺟﮭزه ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض Hub-1 وﯾﻣﺛل ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﮫ وﺣده ﻟﺗﻼﻗﻲ اﺳﻼك اﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻت.

  

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ھو ﺟﮭﺎز ﯾﺳﺎﻋد ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺗوﺻﯾل وﺗﻘوﯾﮫ اﻹﺷﺎره ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﮫ ﺗوﺻﯾل اﻹﺷﺎره إﻟﻲ Repeaters-2 اﻣﺎﻛن ﺑﻌﯾده وظﯾﻔﺗﮫ إﻋﺎده ﺑﻧﺎء اﻹﺷﺎره اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﮫ وﺗوﺻﯾﻠﮭﺎ.  . ھو ﺟﮭﺎز ﯾﻘوم ﺑوظﯾﻔﮫ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﯾﮫ وﺑﻛﻔﺎءة أﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻛﺛﯾر Bridges-3   . ﯾﻘوم ﺑﻌﻣل ﺳﺎﺑﻘﯾﮫ وﺑﻛﻔﺎءة أﻋﻠﻲ Switches -4 ھو اﻛﻔﺎء وادق وازﻛﻲ اﺟﮭزه اﻟﺗوﺻﯾل ﻋﻠﻲ اﻹطﻼق وﻏﯾر اﻧﮫ ﯾﻘوم ﺑﻌﻣل ﺳﺎﺑﻘﯾﮫ Routers-5 ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ ﻣﻌرﻓﮫ ﻣﻛﺎن ﻛل ﺟﮭﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾرﺗﺑط ﺑﮭﺎ.  

    ( )اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﺳﺑﻌﮫ Seven layers ﻟﻛﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﻘل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻣن ﺟﮭﺎز ﺣﺎﺳب اﻟﻰ إﻟﻲ اﺧر ﻓﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﮫ اﻟﺣﺎﺳب اﻵﻟﻰ ﻻﺑد ﻣن أن ﺗﻣر ﺑﻌدة ﻣراﺣل وﯾرﺟﻊ ذﻟك إﻟﻲ أن اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت داﺧل ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺣﺎﺳب اﻻﻟﻰ ﺗﻛون ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻛل ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻣﻔﮭوﻣﮫ ﻟﻠﺣﺎﺳب اﻻﻟﻰ وﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧدم وﻟﻛن ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻧﺗﻘل ﺑﮭذا اﻟﺷﻛل ﻋﻠﻲ اﻻﺳﻼك اﻟﻣوﺻﻠﮫ إذ ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﻛون ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻛل إﺷﺎرات ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﮫ ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ أن ﯾﻧﻘﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﺳﻠك وﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻓﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﺗﺣول اﻟﻲ إﺷﺎرت ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻣرﺳل وﺑﻌد أن ﺗﺻل اﻟﻲ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻣرﺳل إاﻟﯾﮫ ﻻﺑد أن ﺗﺗﺣول اﻟﻲ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻣرة اﺧري ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم أن ﯾﻔﮭﻣﮭﺎ وﯾﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻌﮭﺎ.  وﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق ھذه اﻟﺷروط ﻻﺑد أن ﺗﻣر ﺑﺳﺑﻊ ﻣراﺣل ﺗﺳﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻟطﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﺳﺑﻊ ﻛل ﻣرﺣﻠﮫ ﺗﺳﻣﻲ طﺑﻘﮫ وﻛل طﺑﻘﮫ ﻣﺳؤﻟﮫ ﻋن ﻋﻣﻠﯾﮫ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﮫ ﺗﺟرﯾﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻟﻛﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﻘل ﺗدرﯾﺟﯾﺎ ﻣن ﺣﺎﻟﮫ إﻟﻲ أﺧري ﺣﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺣول ﺗدرﯾﺟﯾﺎ ﻣن إﺷﺎرات ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﮫ أو اﻟﻌﻛس.  واﻟطﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﺳﺑﻊ ھﻲ ﻛﺎﻹﺗﻲ:-  

Application layer 

Presentation layer 

Session layer  

Transport layer 

Network layer 

Data link layer 

Physical layer ﻣرﻗﻣﮫ ﺗدرﯾﺟﯾﺎ ﻣن اﻻﺳﻔل إﻟﻲ اﻻﻋﻠﻲ   

  

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Application وﻋﻧد إرﺳﺎل ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﮫ ﻣﺎ ﻣن ﺟﮭﺎز إﻟﻲ اﺧر ﻓﺄن ھذه اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﮫ ﺗﻣر اوﻻ ﺑﻣرﺣﻠﮫ  اﻟﺗﻲ ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﺗﺗﺣول اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﮫ إﻟﻲ إﺷﺎرات ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﮫ ﯾﻣﻛن Physical layer وھﻛذا ﺣﺗﻲ layer ﻧﻘﻠﮭﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﺳﻠك وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﺻل ھذه اﻹﺷﺎرات إﻟﻲ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻣرﺳل إﻟﯾﮫ ﻓﺄن ھذه اﻹﺷﺎرات ﺗﻣر ﺑﻧﻔس اﻟﻣراﺣل اﻟﺳﺑﻊ اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﮫ وﻟﻛن ﻓﻲ اﻹﺗﺟﺎه اﻟﻌﻛﺳﻲ وﺑﻌد ذﻟك ﺗﺗﺣول ھذه اﻹﺷﺎرات إﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻣﻔﮭوﻣﮫ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧدم وﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺣﺎﺳب اﻻﻟﻰ.  

  

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